Medical Specialties Essay Example

Medical Specialties Essay Example Medical Specialties Paper Medical Specialties Paper Urology, dermatology, cardiology, endocrinology, hematology, radiology, pathology and psychiatry are some of the specialties in medicine (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). These areas collectively play a role in ensuring that various illness and conditions that may affect the human person are accurately addressed with each addressing a unique area. Urology is mainly concerned with the conditions and infections that may affect the urinary tract (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Both male and female reproductive systems are included in this area of specialization which is often carried out with andrology. Dermatology as an area of medical specialization is mainly concerned with ensuring the overall wellbeing of the largest organ in the human body: the skin (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Other appendages to the skin for instance hair, nails and seat glands are also include in dermatology. Cardiology is concerned with treatment and management of disorder and conditions that affect the cardiovascular systems. The heart, heart defects, coronary artery diseases and valvular diseases are some of the areas under this area of specialization (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Endocrinology is mainly concerned with understanding and dealing with the conditions that are associated with hormonal imbalances in the body. The endocrine system and thyroid glands are the two main areas of concern under this specialty which aids in management of conditions like diabetes and thyroid diseases (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Hematology is an area of internal medicine that is concerned with blood and diseases that affect the blood (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). An understanding of blood forming organs is a perquisite in this area of specialization. Use of radiation and radiation technologies in imaging and identification of internal tissue that may display anomalies is the main goal in radiology (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Diagnosis; X-rays and scans are the key activities involved in radiology. Pathology is a science that is mainly concerned with understanding and diagnosing diseases via examining cells and organs (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). An understanding of disease process is important in determining the type and extent of a medical condition under this specialty. Psychiatry is considered one of the widest specialties in medicine that is concerned with studying the biological, psychological and social factors or conditions that affect the etiology, diagnosis and management of conditions that affect individual behavior, cognition an even perception (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). It is concerned with management of the mentally sick, psychology and even psychotherapy. Psychiatry All physician have the ability to diagnose mental illness though the complexity of the conditions may sometime require specialized management thus psychiatry. Specialization in psychiatry during senior years of practice and certification by national psychiatric bodies for instance the APA are the requirements for one to be a psychiatrist (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). A deeper understanding of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral theories and psychotherapy differentiates them from general physicians and psychologists (APA, 2009). Psychiatry is often allied to endocrinology, Urology, radiology and pathology because of the nature of mental disorders. Mental disorder can be results of neurological disorder, STIs, hormonal imbalances and disease conditions thus the need to work closely with these areas of medicine. Diagnosis and management of psychiatric conditions is often dependent on other areas of medicine. Learning problems, autism, family conflicts, dementias, depression, post stroke cognitive complications, addiction, forensics, sleep disorders and pain are some of the complications that most patients that psychiatrists deal with display (Psychiatry. com, 2009). Latency in behavior and violence are the other common symptoms that are displayed by patients with psychiatric disorders. The ICD-10 and DSM are diagnostic tools that are often used in determination of the exact condition that one is suffering from (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Standard cognitive and personality assessment tools and procedures find use in determining the extent of a condition and therefore approach that can be used in its management. Medical imaging, electroconvulsive therapy, MRI and blood sample tests are the other important processes that are carried out in management or diagnosis of psychiatric conditions. Donepezil, razadyne and Exelon patch are some of the medication that are used in management of psychiatric disorders (Psychiatry. com, 2009). Court orders, blood sample test, scan images and patient history reports are some of the documents that psychiatrists handle. Apart from court orders the other kinds of reports are mainly concerned with management of the patient and play an important role in diagnosis and assessment of the developments made by a patient (Psychiatry. com, 2009). Court orders are common due to the fact that most psychiatric conditions are associated with loss or limitation of patient autonomy which creates a need for a clear legal framework to ensure that the patients are well taken care of (Psychiatry. com, 2009). In an interview over phone with Dr. Rebecca Landa who is the director of Center for Autism and Related Disorders (CARD) in Kennedy Krieger Institute she stated that psychiatry is more than just management of different psychiatric disorders rather it must incorporate continuous research into their treatment and management approaches. She stressed on the role played by other areas of medicine and research in ensuring that causes of psychiatric disorders are understood. The role of research in psychiatry has been central to the developments that have been made so far and is important in determining any development that may be made in future. The need to incorporate multiple disciplines including sociology in psychiatry is due to the complexity associated with management and understanding psychiatric disorders that makes it hard to use a one-dimensional approach to its management. She perceives psychiatry as a field of medicine that encompasses all other specialties and therefore playing an important role in ensuring that the developments in medicine are reflected to the society. According to Dr. Landa, developments in medicine are portrayed in psychiatry due to its close correlation to all other areas of medicine. â€Å"Until that time when all psychiatric conditions will be understood and managed there will always be a need for development in other areas of medicine† was her closing quote that reflects the importance of psychiatry in practice and theory. References APA (2009). Early Career Psychiatrists. Retrieved 16 July 2009 from psych. org/Resources/EarlyCareerPsychiatrists. aspx Psychiatry. com (2009). Geriatric Psychiatry. Retrieved 16 July 2009 from psychiatry. com/directory/index. phpcat=7PHPSESSID=0ac4e721ff668d398671ab52fcc0317c Sadock, B. J. , Kaplan, H. I. , Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan Sadocks synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. (10th ed. ). Washington, DC: Lippincott Williams ; Wilkins, 2007

Definition of Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Definition of Teacher - Essay Example This study outlines that the role of an early childhood teacher has been redefined in the modern curriculum. In ancient times the young kids got enough attention and parental care from the parents and hence the teacher had to concentrate mainly on the learning process of the kids. But in the current world most of the parents are working and hence they are not getting enough time to provide proper care to their kids. Earlier the parents were more concentrated in their kid’s studies at home like doing the home works and assisting them in their studies. But in the modern world the busy life styles has prevented them from doing so and hence the teacher’s responsibility has been increased a lot. Most of the home assignments intended to solve at homes, given to the kids will be returned without solving it since the children were unable to get any assistance from the parents. Earlier it was a teacher dominated curriculum where the teacher explains everything in the class. But as per the modern curriculum principles, the teacher, only helps the student in their learning activities. The problems are created by the teacher for discussion in the class and the students are asked to solve the problems independently. The modern teacher acts only as a guide to the students, helping them in reaching the solution.  

The Impact of St. Augustine's Life Research Paper

The Impact of St. Augustine's Life - Research Paper Example The Life of Augustine Augustine’s life dates from 354 to 430. His father (Patricius) was a pagan of Roman decent and a member of the council while his mother (Monica) on the other hand was a Christian. This indicates that he had to deal with contrasting situations very early in his life and is possibly an indication of the reason for his engagement with several religions. He grew up in humble circumstances in Thagaste which is now Souk Ahras, Algeria where he lived from 354-366. This little town was nothing compared to the centers of learning in the Roman Empire which is known for cultivating scholars (Smith 2008, 1). However, it was the place of birth of one of the most exemplary individual that graced the earth and who would later become an Archbishop. It was while living in Thagaste that he studied Greek and Latin. 2.1 Madaurus 366 - 370 He lived in Madaurus from 366-370 when he attended secondary school. He also studied Latin and Literature in Madaurus. It was during this period that he came under the influence of the doctrine of Cicero which he credited for his rather lengthy association with philosophy, psychology, human nature and religion (EGS Digital Library). Augustine went back to Thagaste for a short while since his parents did not have the money to send him on to university. While there he was engaged in practices that were similar to his father. Although his mother dissuaded him, he persisted. This he spoke of in Book ll of Confessions. It was at this time that he engaged in telling lies, stealing and irresponsible sexual behavior. 2.3 Carthage 371 – 383 Augustine was only about 17 years of age he went to Carthage to study rhetoric at the University of Carthage. It was while there that he came under the influence of the Manichaean religion. He also met his lover of over 13 years while he resided in Carthage. This relationship resulted in a son – Adeodatus in 372. This was the woman he referred to one of his famous writings â⠂¬â€œ Confessiones (which when translated to English means Confessions). After returning to his home town of Thagaste for a short while he went back to Carthage and stayed there until his departure to Rome in 383 where he sought new challenges. 2.4 Italy 383 - 387 While in Rome he suffered some disappointments. However, he left soon after left for Milan to work in the court as an orator to the emperor. He broke his relationship with his son’s mother in preparation to get married to someone else (Willis 2001, 4). Having read the Biography of St. Anthony of the Desert, he finally embraced Christianity in its totality. At this point he gave up an arranged marriage which was in the making; a promising career in rhetoric; and other privileges. In 386 he was converted to Christianity in Italy. On Easter Day in 387 he and his son was baptized by Ambrose who was tat that time a friend and bishop of Milan. He later returned to Thagaste. 2.5 Thagaste 387- 390 Augustine returned to Thag aste where he gave away his inheritance to the poor. He then turned his house into a Monastery where he prayed and studied with others of the same belief. He was later called from this life of solitude to be the priest of Hippo. 2.6 Hippo 390-430 Augustine was latter ordained as the priest of Hippo and subsequently became Bishop of Hippo Regius which is now the city of Annaba in Algeria in 395. He

A Pro Stance for Vaccines Essay Example for Free

A Pro Stance for Vaccines Essay The topic of laws mandating vaccinations is a much debated issue. A large number of parents argue they should not be forced to vaccinate their children in order for them to attend public school and daycare. One reason for the controversy of their use is the increased number of children with autism, which some reports have indicated is a possible side effect of vaccines. Information regarding potential negative side effects of vaccines is abundant although not always accurate; however, the decreased incidence in vaccine preventable diseases illustrates their continued necessity. In the United States many of the diseases vaccinated for are nearly absent in communities now. Some diseases may even be eradicated completely by the use of immunizations, as with the case of smallpox in 1977. (Kee, Hayes, McCuistion, 2012, p. 502) A low incidence in many of the vaccine-prevented diseases can lead some to a false sense of security against the risk of contracting such diseases. It is important for the general population to continue receiving vaccinations. An article in The New England Journal of Medicine points out High vaccine coverage, particularly at the community level, is extremely important for children who cannot be vaccinated, including children who have medical contraindications to vaccination and those who are too young to be vaccinated. These groups are often more susceptible to the complications of infectious diseases than the general population of children and depend on the protection provided by the vaccination of children in their environs. Many parents think there is no longer a risk of their child contracting the disease or even becoming exposed to them at all. The refusal of a few to vaccine may not have much of an impact on society, however, the refusal of many to not vaccinate in a community can have disastrous consequences. If the immunization level of a population drops too low, there can be an outbreak of the disease, and the vaccinated population may not be high enough to cover all of the individuals who refused vaccination. This is clearly evidenced by a measles outbreak documented in 2008. The New England Journal of Medicine discussed this measles outbreak in a 2009 article, Between January 1, 2008, and April 25, 2008, there were five measles  outbreaks and a total of 64 cases reported. All but one of the persons with measles were either unvaccinated or did not have evidence of immunization. Of the 21 cases among children and adolescents in the vaccine-eligible age group (16 months to 19 years) with a known reason for nonvaccination, 14, or 67%, had obtained a nonmedical exemption and all of the 10 school-age children had obtained a nonmedical exemption. Thirteen cases occurred in children too young to be vaccinated, and in more than a third of the cases (18 of 44) occurring in a known transmission setting the disease was acquired in a health care facility. (Omer, Salmon, Orenstein, deHArt Halsey) Children are not the only population in need of vaccination. Many adults either never got their immunizations as a child, never received their boosters, or they received them so long ago that they are no longer effective as contracting the disease. The National Network for Immunization Information reports in the United States, up to 60,000 adults die from vaccine-preventable diseases or their complications. These diseases include influenza, pneumococcal disease, and tetanus among others. This statistic alone shows a need for more immunizations, not less. The reports indicating negative side effects of the vaccines, especially the possible link to autism is just another reason many feel immunizations are an unnecessary risk. References: Ram Koppaka, MD, PhD (2011) Ten Great Public Health Achievements United States, 20012010 Retrieved from Mobidity and Mortality Weekly Report website: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6019a5.htm May 20, 2011 / 60(19);619-623 (2008). Adult Immunizations. Retrieved from National Network for Immunization Information (NNii). website: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/peds.2010-1722Tv1 Kee, J., Hayes, E., McCuistion, L. (2012) Pharmacology: A Nursing Process Approach 7th Edition. St. Louis, MI: Elsevier Saunders, 503-510.

Benefits of Human Cloning :: Clones Biology

What is cloning? "Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means."(www.Howstuffworks.com) It has been used for thousands of years to produce plants. The next stage was to clone animals. Scientists can take unfertilized eggs of some small animals, and clone them, so they develop into full adults. After knowing that people realized how great it would be if we could clone humans. There would be a lot of advantages in cloning humans. Lets say someone will die if they can't get a heart transplant. If scientists could clone the human heart, they might be able to save that persons life. Also if they could clone a full human body, they could use the cloned bone marrow as a cure to leukemia. Scientists can also use some cloned animals organs for transplants. Or another big issue would be if you could not have a child with your husband or wife. Many couples around the world would give anything for a chance to have a child. With cloning they would be able to clone a human being that would grow up to be just like one of them. What can cloning do for you? If one of your family members was sick or dying of a disease, scientists will be able to clone them, so they will be normal again. Or maybe one of your pets needs a new liver, they can also clone one, so your pet can live. How would you like it if cloning could bring back some of the worlds most honored and respected people? For example, Albert Einstein was one of the smartest men alive. And with cloning, we could duplicate his DNA to create an exact replica of him. They could do the same for a sports legend or an award winning actor or actress. There are endless possibilities with cloning. What have we already cloned? We have cloned more than what the average person knows about. We have been cloning plants for a very long time. And we have cloned many small animals. Most people know about scientists cloning a sheep named Dolly, but what they don't know is that they have cloned many more small and large animals. They have cloned sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur.

A Detailed Lesson Plan-Developmental Reading Essay

I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: a. Define reading b. Enumerate the types of reading c. Specify the purposes of reading d. Demonstrate the proper postures in oral reading II. Subject Matter Developmental Reading I References: 1. Developmental Reading I, Dr. Edisteo B. Bernardez Page 4-5 2. Developmental Reading, Dr. Angelita Romero Dr. Rene Romero III. Materials: Powerpoint presentation, video clips and pictures IV. Procedure: 1. The teacher will assign a student to read a selection. 2. Discussion of the subject A. Definition of reading B. Enumeration of the types of reading C. Specify the purposes of reading D. Demonstration of the proper postures in oral reading V. Application After the discussion, the teacher will give students oral reading activity. VI. Evaluation The teacher will ask his/her students to read a selection and check the students’ if they observed the proper oral reading postures. Rubric Criteria Proper standing position Connection with audience 4- Outstanding 3- Very Satisfactory 2- Fair 1- Needs improvement VII. Assignment VIII. Reference: Landy, Joseph V. Insight A Study of a Short Story. Metro Manila: National Bookstore, Inc. 1983 Purpura, Jeanne F. Runaways for English, Quezon City: JFC Publishing House, Inc. 2006 www. google.com.ph Mario Salamat II Importance of Lesson Plan By adasyuhada | March 2011 Lesson plan prepares a lot of importance and benefit to the teachers and learners. Hence, here there are following importance that included in lesson plan. First, lesson plan shows the importance in teacher parts. Mostly, teachers use the lesson plan as their guide to teach the same subject or topic for a presentation. As a result, it keeps them on track to accomplish the objectives. For instance, teachers must do arrangement the contents in logically order to make lesson go in sequence. In addition, to be lesson plan is well organized, usually the teachers will do early preparation the lesson plan to make it smooth running of the lesson. As example, teachers should prepared all equipments is needed in their teaching. Examples of  equipment are computer, projector, handouts or white board and marker pen. Without all these things absolutely the teaching is not takes placed. Besides that, lesson plan produced an effective teaching. It shows the effectiveness in teaching when it provides benefit to both sides such as teacher and learner. For example, the learners will more easily understand the teaching. From that, it promotes high level of confidence between teachers and learners. Furthermore, lesson plan is possible introduction of education technology. As we can see nowadays, most the teaching session will used the materials based on technology products. This can proved that educational level is developing towards the world. In addition, lesson plan also provides the room to teacher for evaluation and assessment for their teaching. LESSON PLANNING BY HARRY DOODS AND LORNA SMITH This deals with the absolute bare bones of planning. For a fuller picture, please also look at the related articles, ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’, ‘Starters and Plenaries’, ‘What makes an effective lesson?’, and ‘Assessment’ – but read this first. Writing your first lessons plans will take you a long time. Don’t despair – this will become quicker and easier as you begin to internalise all the information and skills that lie beneath a good plan. Why is a lesson plan important? Because it: †¢provides you with a structured ‘route’ through your lesson so that you can be sure of meeting your lesson objective(s). †¢gives you a secure base from which you can project to your class the impression that you are organised and that you know what you are doing. (That is one of the important elements of effective behaviour management.) †¢provides you, your mentor, your tutors and colleagues with insights into the way you are approaching your teaching, and shows that you are helping your pupils make progress. †¢offers (over a number of lessons) evidence that you are addressing the requirements of almost every Standard other than Q17. What is a lesson plan? It’s a simple statement of: †¢what your pupils are going to learn †¢how you intend them to learn it †¢how you will know that the learning has taken place. How do I write a lesson plan? Stage 1 The starting point for any lesson plan must be, ‘What do I want pupils to learn?’ If you begin by answering that question, and call your answer a ‘Learning Objective’, then your planning will stay focused. If you look at the ‘Bloom’s Taxonomy’ resource, you will find some active verbs that might help you identify the Learning Objective and build sequences of learning. Unless it is a ‘one off’ lesson, the Learning Objective will usually come from a Medium Term Plan, or Scheme/Unit of Work – either one that you have prepared yourself, or one prepared by your school. Stage 2 Your course documents will include a standard proforma for writing lesson plans. Your school will have its own version, not necessarily the same. (Your university will provide guidance on which proformas to use and when.) A lesson plan will usually contain these elements: 1.A context. Indicate where the lesson fits into the Medium Term Plan / Scheme of Work or Programme of Study. Use references to the National Curriculum – e.g. EN3 1b – and / or Assessment Objectives drawn from exam specifications. 2.A statement both of success criteria and of the means by which you will assess the success of the lesson – what learning has taken place, and how effectively. Make these explicit to the class, probably early in the lesson. 3.An outline of your proposed activities, with an approximation of timings. Anticipate likely difficulties here, and record not just what you will do, but how you will do it. For example, if you want pupils to move to the front of the classroom, think how you will manage the movement so you don’t provoke a single mad rush of thirty bodies. ‘Pupils move to the front in threes and fours and sit where directed’ would do. It is crucial to remember that the proposed activities should always lead the pupils in the direction of the Learning Objective: you must be clear about  WHY each activity is a necessary element of the lesson (and your university may ask you to justify the learning outcome of each activity on your plan). In other words, however engaging or fun your idea is, if it doesn’t contribute toward the end goal, don’t do it! (File away your idea for another time†¦) At this point in your planning, be specific about: †¢how you will begin and end the lesson †¢how you will group pupils †¢how you will manage transitions between activities and separate phases of the lesson. 4.Statements of individual pupils’ specific learning needs, determined with reference to IEPs, EAL, SEN, G & T, learning and / or behaviour targets, or other requirements, and of how you propose to meet those needs. These are the first steps towards providing effective differentiation. 5.Acknowledgement of the role a TA or LSA might play in the lesson. 6.An account of the resources you will use – everything from texts and worksheets to glue and scissors. Again, make your strategies for managing these resources quite clear. The same goes for your use of audio-visual or other equipment. 7.Use of ICT, with a clear statement of the ways in which it enhances learning. 8.Notes on Health and Safety considerations. In the typical English classroom this is usually about stray cables and stowing bags under tables, but, again, anticipate. If, for the first two or three lessons you feel saf er by writing yourself a script, that’s fine, but as you become more confident you should be able to move towards a more economical model. The exception to this advice is when you are structuring a sequence of questions. There’s nothing wrong with scripting them, just to be sure that you don’t miss out something important – and try to be prepared to be flexible. Stage 3 – Assessment How will you know that any learning has taken place? You can’t just assume it, so you must at some point, or points, during the lesson build in opportunities to check pupils’ understanding, whether that be orally or by more formal means. Again, be specific about how you will do this. Planning in Practice – getting the structure right Inspired by the National Strategy, most ‘model’ lesson plans contain four parts: Part 1. A short starter activity, involving the whole class in some way. This is as much as anything to engage pupils in the lesson and to wake them up, but should also assess or refresh prior knowledge, to bridge learning from previous lessons into the current one. Five to ten minutes is usually quite long enough. Part 2. An introduction to the main points that you want pupils to learn, perhaps through contextualisation, questioning, or plain exposition. Part 3. Development and consolidation. In this phase, encourage pupils to make the new learning their own, perhaps by applying it or re-stating it. Pupils might work in groups, pairs, individually, or in a mixture of all three, depending on how you have decided is best to meet the Learning Objectives. Part 4. Plenary. In this phase, you make the learning explicit, perhaps by structured questioning, feedback from pupils as presentations or as brief accounts. Pupils should be able to articulate in some way what they have learnt in the lesson, and you will be able to assess what learning has taken place, and how effectively. When you observe teachers in schools, consider how far each of them follows this four-part plan, and the reasons for any deviations from it. For example, you may see teachers conduct ‘mini-plenaries’ midway through the lesson. Talk with teachers about how they structure their lessons and their reasons for doing so.

Computer Games as the Emerging New Kind of Art

Computer Games as the Emerging New Kind of Art It may sound pretentious, but computer games seem to gradually start behaving as if they were growing into something more, than simple entertainment. However, it is not the first time it happens – for example, theatre has grown out of folk festivals that had no goal other than entertaining their participants and onlookers, and cinema has evolved from primitive silent comedies into the whole great industry, differentiating from the popular films that are often not much more sophisticated than the first silent films to complex, multilayered art house works, making the viewer think and expecting him to do so. Gaming industry seems to be now in the stage of developing its entertaining potential. There are, however, rare yet growing signs of new trends developing, games that understand the idea of â€Å"entertainment† in another, interesting and original way. After all, aren’t books by Kafka entertaining for the person, who understands and enjoys them? We may mention the example of Russian studio Ice-Pick Lodge, which made art house games their main line of work. Their projects like Pathologic, Void and oncoming Cargo are definitely entertaining, yet in their own, twisted and peculiar way. They are hard to perceive and call for great attention from the player, offering him a unique experience, created by refusal to resort to any established clichà ©s and principles, used by the whole gaming industry. There are other games that move in the same direction, but they only rarely get the attention of prestigious publishers, being in their majority indie-titles, such as Braid, And Yet It Moves and others. Nevertheless, these signs are very promising. If the evolution of computer games goes in the same way the evolution of cinema went, we are in for something really interesting to behold in near future.